Interaction Between Carcinogenic and Anti-Carcinogenic Trace Elements in the Scalp Hair Samples of Different Types of Pakistani Female Cancer Patients.
Carcinogenic processes have been observed to be linked with imbalances in essential trace and toxic elements within human body fluids and tissues. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between carcinogenic elements—arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni)—and anti-carcinogenic elements—selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn)—in the scalp hair of female cancer patients with breast, cervix, mouth, and ovarian cancers.
Methods
- Sample Collection: Scalp hair samples were obtained from cancer patients and referent female subjects of the same age group and socioeconomic status.
- Preparation: The hair samples were oxidized using 65% nitric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide in a microwave oven.
- Analysis: Metal concentrations were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry.
- Validation: The accuracy and reliability of the methodology were verified using certified reference material of human hair (BCR 397).
Results
- Carcinogenic Elements: Mean concentrations of As, Cd, and Ni were significantly higher in the scalp hair of cancer patients compared to referents.
- Anti-Carcinogenic Elements: Zn and Se levels were significantly lower in cancer patients compared to referents (p < 0.01).
Conclusions
The study demonstrated that elevated levels of heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, and nickel, alongside reduced levels of essential trace elements like selenium and zinc, are associated with an increased risk of cancer. This highlights the critical role of trace and toxic element imbalances in carcinogenic processes. Sham Kumar Wadhwa, et. al. Clinica Chimica Acta. (2015) 178–184. Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
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